JOURNAL # 3 Title of Journal Article___Quantum Sufficit__________________________________________________________________________________ Title of Journal _American Family Physician                        ____________________________________________________________________________   Volume_volume62/No.5_________________________ Date __9__/__1__/_00_ Page Number(s) _1-3_____________   ·          What organization is responsible for publishing the journal you chose? American Academy  of Physians     ·          What is your overall evaluation of this article?   _____Poor          ______Fair            ______Good        _______Very Good       __+___Excellent     ·          Why did you choose to review this particular article?   American Demographic reports that more Americans than ever are getting too little sleep. According to a study conducted by the National Sleep Foundation, Americans are getting 1 hour less sleep than the recommended 8 hours. They try to make up for lost sleep on the weekends which does not work. Averages of 40% of adults are so sleep deprived through their work days that it interferes with daily activity.  Bureau of Labor Statistics believes 17.1% of 1997’s full time wage and salary workers works night time shifts, odd hours, and rotating shifts and the number is rising.  The article also talked about the famous composer Johannes Brahms probably suffered from OSA(obstructive sleep apnea). From recent reports he  suffered from loud snoring, extreme daytime drowsiness, obesity and alcoholism.  The article said the composer was notorious for falling asleep in public places, which leads me to believe he also suffered from Narcolepsy.  I chose this article because my major interest is in Polysomnography and it spoke about symptoms of OSA and had statistics conducted by the National Sleep Foundation.  I found it very informative.     ·          How would you rate this article as a tool for teaching a student about cardiopulmonary physiology, radiography, or another allied health specialty?    Students:               ____Poor       ____Fair       _____Good     _____Very Good      __1__Excellent   Teachers:               ____Poor       ____Fair       _____Good     _____Very Good      1____Excellent   Patients:                ____Poor       ____Fair       _____Good     _____Very Good   1_____Excellent   ·          Comment on the readability of this article.    Very reliable because of the studies and statistics came from Professionals who specialize in sleep disorders   ·          Course Topics covered:   Sleep Deprivation, OSA (obstructive sleep apnea) and symptoms, Statistics done by the National Sleep Foundation   ·          Brief Summary: The article gave statistics backed by the National Sleep Foundation that a certain percentage of Americans are sleep deprived each work day because they don’t get the recommended 8 hours and try to catch up on weekends which does not help the situation, it also gave symptoms of OSA(obstructive sleep apnea), and also talked about a famous composer who was notorious for falling asleep in public.       ·          Identify and attempt to explain three (3) terms, procedures or concepts that were unfamiliar to you when reviewing this article. National Sleep foundation they do studies and statistics on Americans and sleep patterns, Bureau of Labor I was unaware that they kept records and statistics on the hours and different shifts working people were doing.  I was unaware of the composer who displayed symptoms of OSA.       ·          Detail the strengths/weaknesses of this article.   The article was very informative and has #’s to back things up they studied and who did the research and why.  I think the only weakness was they did not mention Narcolepsy as a possible disorder of the composer.     ·          How might this article be useful to you in your further studies and career? I can look up the National Sleep Foundation and keep up with new studies.  I can also keep updated on Bureau of Labor statistics to keep informed.  This will be very useful because if someone has a question about any of these things I will be updated on the latest studies and stats.  When I go to work I want to find out all I can and this is so interesting to me.  When someone asks me a question for example a patient I do not want to reply I do not know. I want to be able to give information right then so they will believe I am well trained and concerned about them.       ·          Does the article include a list of references/citations that can be used to find more information on the topics they cover?  No this is owned by the AAFP so that was the only source of this journal.     Your Name: __Stacy Cordell__________________________________________

Add your content here Methods     My method of study would be to test a patient for sleep OSA Obstructive sleep apnea.  This would be a person who is experiencing difficulty sleeping due to a long history of snoring, seem to be choking in their sleep, has periods where they tend to stop breathing, or could possibly suffer from insomnia.  In this research it would be true and would need a quantitative approach.  Any age in the population could be used even babies but I would prefer ages from 5-75.  The patients would need to have had these symptoms for at least 6 month to 1 year.  Before I begin the research I would have to take the ETSU IRB CITI training and get approval from the appropriate authorities and the patients consent signature and explain to them our guidelines for HIPPA to protect their privacy.             I could manipulate the data into groups which would be nominal.  I could do this according to age, smokers, non-smokers, etc.   I could be discrete with this type of study.  The cost would be the variable also time, use of lab, and equipment.  The three testing methods that would be used would be CPAP, EEG, and EKG which would be the dependent variables.  Randomization could be used to control the nominal group while being discrete.             After the true data is collected.  I would arrange it into ordinal data.  I could use numbers to rate what treatments if any the subjects needed.  I could also use ratio data for example people who smoke are 70% more likely to need CPAP.

BAILEY'S FINAL EXAM BAILEY”S FINAL EXAM 1. Your instructor has reviewed several strategies to conduct and report on scientific research.  Discuss the procedures in the positivistic, scientific method and the components of this research paper. List two reasons why you agree or disagree with this worldview and how you might utilize it for your future research agenda. Positivistic are the results of quantitative research as relativists refer to as qualitative methods of research.  Positivistic methods is a way to understand natural sciences while scientists search for “universal truth” I agree with the Methods because it has been much easier to break down my paper this way. 2. We have stated that the researcher must remember the equation [dependent variables = independent variables]. Discuss the differences between independent and dependent variables and the influence one exerts upon the other.  How was this theorem influential in your study or project? The dependent variable is what is observed.  The independent is referred to as experimental treatment variable.  They both rely on each other in my study the dependent is the patient being tested in the sleep lab and the independent or “treatment variable” is the out come such as CPAP, surgeries, or pharmaceuticals. Etc.  They rely on each other to be true. 3. Create a list of the independent variables you identified in your study (Hint: these are important client, institutional, environmental, or patient characteristics).  Give one example of a variable you could change or 'fix' in a departmental, governmental, or organizational policy. Independent variables would be the patient has to sleep or be hooked up to the equipment for at least 6 hours before insurance would pay for it.  I think the insurance companies could change this policy because some patients only sleep 3 or 4 hours.  It is Outpatient less than 24 hours I don’t understand the 6 hour requirement but we all know how insurance companies can be at times. 4. When creating a study, one must address the operational definitions for individual studies.  Give 3 examples of operational definitions you encountered in your project.  How does this process help or hinder the researcher? OSA Obstructive sleeps apnea, insomnia, fainting, night terrors, RLS restless leg syndrome etc.  Other than CPAP and medications such as pills I believe some people need to be tested for Psychological problems such as PTSS Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome and other underlying problems that could be affecting sleep. 5. Define the different scales of measurement (i.e. Ordinal, Nominal, Interval, and Ratio). In each of these scales of measure, how would the researcher decide on which statistical analysis to use?  How did you decide what methodology to use (theoretically, you told me in METHODS chapter what you decided to do with all of the datum). Nominal are numbers applied to nonnumerical variables.  Ordinal are numbers that are ordered and can be discrete and the interval data is logical sequence.  Ratio data are numbers which are continuous with equal intervals between numbers. In methods I used Ordinal numbers because I like the discrete factor.  I could use dependent variables with different ages and histories to do a test myself. 6. Discuss the types of reliability. Why does a researcher in health care consider reliability an important component of their study? There are different types of reliability for example test and retest or split half and reliability.  If the research is of no value people would want a different one.   7. Define validity. Examine internal and external validities and list attributes or problems associated with validity issues (think from the perspective of a potential patient or an informed peer reviewer of your study). Validity from two points of view internal and external.  Internal are the ones observing and taking concern in what they believe they are observing.  It could be maturation, history, testing, and type of subjects, selection, and mortality.  External includes Hawthorne effect, Replication, Generalization, Multitreatments, and researcher’s effect.   8. Discuss the characteristics of a quantitative research design. Name and discuss at least two designs from this worldview or viewpoint.  Why would you decide to use this worldview or research methodology (instead of qualitative)? Quantitative is true experimental designs, Quasiexperimental designs, and Non experimental designs.  For true manipulation, randomization, and control.  Quasi an independent variable is manipulated while control and randomization are absent.  Nonexperimental have no manipulation while control and randomization are not factors.  I would want to use this on the facts are true based on facts given. 9. Discuss the characteristics of a qualitative research design. Name and discuss at least two designs from this worldview or viewpoint. Why would you decide to use this worldview or research methodology (instead of quantitative)? Qualitative is too broad of a topic and vague.  I like Quantitative because it is so much simpler to use with an easier understanding for everyone involved. 10. Your instructor has stated that “…the best positivistic (quantitative) studies often arise from a relativist study or (qualitative) framework of inquiry.” Discuss advantages and disadvantages of qualitative and quantitative research designs.  If you had it to do over, would you change the methodology you used in your study? Quantitative has much more of an advantage because of the three experimental designs Quasi, True, and Non experimental designs excellent for research on people.  Qualitative is too broad and I see that as a disadvantage being much more complicated. Add your content here FINAL DRAFT-still need some work             Polysomnography is the study of sleep disorders.  The test for sleep disorders are usually performed in a sleep lab.  Most patients are referred by their family doctor to go in for a sleep study evaluation.  OSA Obstructive Sleep Apnea is the most common diagnosis.  A huge percent of our population suffers from OSA and aren’t even aware of it.  There are numerous sleep disorders with OSA being the main one which can cause other affects on a person’s health; I would like to elaborate on this specific disorder.             Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome is the most common disorder observed in the sleep labs.  Sleep related Apnea is the temporary absence of breathing while asleep.  In Obstructive Sleep Apnea a certain amount of air flows through the mouth or nose with persistence of the diaphragmatic and intercostals muscle activity occurs.  Obstructive Sleep Apnea causes lower tone in upper airway muscles which cause more upper airway resistance.             Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea can range from a long history of loud snoring, choking during sleep, sitting up or fighting for breath, and in some cases insomnia.  Daytime symptoms include forgetfulness, some patients have headaches in the morning, hyperactivity can be seen in children, and these are only a few of the symptoms.             The most important therapy for OSA is the CPAP Mask or Nasal CPAP; there is oral dental equipment such as a tong retaining device.  Patients with extreme Obstructive Sleep Apnea may require major surgeries such as maxillofacial.  There are milder surgical procedures including laser assisted UUP, somnoplasty, and tracheotomy which is rarely used.  Pharmalogical treatments have not been very helpful in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.  The CPAP Mask has proven to be the most beneficial treatment of all.  This is a mask worn while sleeping to help airflow stay regular so the patient can enjoy a good night of rest and feel well when they wake.             To diagnose OSA the patient is brought into the sleep lab where a series of test will be run.  The atmosphere is more like a hotel room than that of a hospital setting so the patient can feel more at home.  There are a series of electrodes places on the patients head.  Their heart rate is monitored with an EKG.  In the sleep lab the Polysomnographer can observe the patient on a TV screen while they sleep and on the Computer Screen the electrodes show different activity in the brain and the respiratory rate is monitored.  On this screen is where the apneas can be observed, the cessation of breath while asleep.  From the report, the Doctor will determine if the patient has OSA and what treatment or therapy should be used.             My method of study would be to test a patient for sleep OSA Obstructive sleep apnea.  This would be a person who is experiencing difficulty sleeping due to a long history of snoring, seem to be choking in their sleep, has periods where they tend to stop breathing, or could possibly suffer from insomnia.  In this research it would be true and would need a quantitative approach.  Any age in the population could be used even babies but I would prefer ages from 5-75.  The patients would need to have had these symptoms for at least 6 month to 1 year.  Before I begin the research I would have to take the ETSU IRB CITI training and get approval from the appropriate authorities and the patients consent signature and explain to them our guidelines for HIPPA to protect their privacy.             I could manipulate the data into groups which would be nominal.  I could do this according to age, smokers, non-smokers, etc.   I could be discrete with this type of study.  The cost would be the variable also time, use of lab, and equipment.  The three testing methods that would be used would be CPAP, EEG, and EKG which would be the dependent variables.  Randomization could be used to control the nominal group while being discrete.             After the true data is collected.  I would arrange it into ordinal data.  I could use numbers to rate what treatments if any the subjects needed.  I could also use ratio data for example people who smoke are 70% more likely to need CPAP.

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